(22), or with elevated maternal titers of total antibodies to Maternal antibodies to the HTLV-I transactivating protein, tax HTLV-I by breast-feeding may be associated with the presence of Recent studies suggest that transmission of Through breast-feeding (21) in HTLV-I-endemic areas, approximatelyĢ5% of breast-fed infants born to HTLV-I-seropositive mothersĪcquire infection. Mother-to-child transmission occurs primarily Sexual contact (19), by blood transfusion (20), and by sharingĬontaminated needles. Transmission of HTLV-I occurs from mother to child (18), by United States (16) and in immigrants from HTLV-I-endemic areas Infections have also been reported in blacks from the southeastern Smaller percentages report a history of either In HTLV-I-endemic countries or sexual contact with persons from theĬaribbean or Japan. HTLV-I-infected donors most often report a history of birth HTLV-I/II-seropositive blood donors nationwide are infected with Volunteer blood donors average 0.016% (6). In the United States, HTLV-I/II seroprevalence rates among Rates are usually higher among women than men. Seroprevalence increases with age in older age groups, Prevalence rates as high as 15% have been reported in the general In some areas where HTLV-I infection is endemic, HTLV-I infection is endemic in southwestern Japan (10), theĬaribbean basin (11), Melanesia (12), and in parts of Africa Where the need for breast-feeding may outweigh concerns about They may not be applicable in developing countries, HTLV-I/II-infected persons included in this document are intendedįor use by health-care workers and public health officials in the The recommendations for counseling HTLV-I-, HTLV-II-, and Potentially useful for typing serum samples (8,9). Preliminary data suggest that these investigational tests are The antibodies to HTLV-I and HTLV-II have been developed (8,9). Protein-based serologic assays that can more easily differentiate The past 2 years, investigational peptide- and recombinant Until recently, the only reliable way to differentiate HTLV-Iįrom HTLV-II infection was by polymerase chain reaction (7). Infecting virus and the differing epidemiologic and clinicalĬorrelates of HTLV-I and HTLV-II infections have complicatedĬounseling of HTLV-I/II-infected persons. The uncertainty regarding the identity of the Positive by serologic assays have been told that they are infected Test is not routinely available, many donors and other persons Such donors are counseled and permanentlyĭeferred from donating blood. Indicated that approximately half were infected with HTLV-I and States testing, after amplification by polymerase chain reaction, Were identified in the first year of screening in the United Sensitivity to detect antibodies to HTLV-II (4,5).Īpproximately 2,000 HTLV-I/II-infected volunteer blood donors Screening tests, which use HTLV-I antigens, vary in their Seroreactivity (Western immunoblot and radioimmunoprecipitationĪssay), do not reliably differentiate between antibodies to HTLV-IĪnd the closely related HTLV-II. Well as the investigational supplementary tests used to confirm The screening tests that were licensed, as Since then, all donations of whole blood andīlood components in the United States have been screened forĪntibodies to HTLV-I. Recommended that blood donation centers screen the U.S. In November 1988, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Indicates that a person is infected with the virus. The presence of antibodies to HTLV-I or HTLV-II Infections with HTLV-I and HTLV-II are most easily detected Retroviruses and which cause acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV-1 and HIV-2), which belong to the lentivirus subfamily of TheyĪre only distantly related to the human immunodeficiency viruses Human lymphocytes so that they are self-sustaining in vitro. Bothīelong to the oncovirus subfamily of retroviruses and can transform (HTLV-II), were the first human retroviruses discovered (1,2). Human T-lymphotropic viruses, type I (HTLV-I) and type II Working group for counseling HTLV-I- and HTLV-II-infected persons. Recommendations developed by CDC and a U.S. This document summarizesĬurrent information about HTLV, types I and II, and presents Identifies HTLV-I- and HTLV-II-infected persons who should beĬounseled regarding their infections. blood supply for HTLV-I/II, which began in 1988, Viruses that cause acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. They are different from the human immunodeficiency (HTLV-II), are closely related but distinct retroviruses that can The human T-lymphotropic viruses, type I (HTLV-I) and type II Recommendations for Counseling Persons Infected with Human For assistance, please send e-mail to: Type 508 Accommodation and the title of the report in the subject line of e-mail. Persons using assistive technology might not be able to fully access information in this file.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |